
J1 League
ClubAll
- All clubs
- Albirex Niigata
- Avispa Fukuoka
- Cerezo Osaka
- FC Tokyo
- Gamba Osaka
- Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo
- Júbilo Iwata
- Kashima Antlers
- Kashiwa Reysol
- Kawasaki Frontale
- Kyoto Sanga
- Matsumoto Yamaga
- Nagoya Grampus
- Oita Trinita
- Sagan Tosu
- Sanfrecce Hiroshima
- Shimizu S-Pulse
- Shonan Bellmare
- Tokushima Vortis
- Urawa Red Diamonds
- Vegalta Sendai
- Vissel Kobe
- Yokohama F. Marinos
- Yokohama FC
- No matches
NationalityAll
- All nationalities
- Japan477
- Brazil90
- Korea Republic21
- Spain9
- Australia3
- Croatia3
- Norway3
- Thailand3
- Belgium2
- Denmark2
- Germany2
- Netherlands2
- Sweden2
- Argentina1
- Cameroon1
- Curaçao1
- Cyprus1
- England1
- France1
- Hungary1
- Israel1
- Kenya1
- Kosovo1
- Lebanon1
- Luxembourg1
- Moldova1
- Montenegro1
- Mozambique1
- New Zealand1
- Poland1
- Portugal1
- Serbia1
- Switzerland1
- Tunisia1
- Türkiye1
- Uruguay1
- No matches
Goals, assists and cards count 1591 of 1605 stored matches (99%) that name a player. Appearances count 1604 matches with a stored lineup.
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
95% or more of matches name a playerSome matches name a playerNone recorded
301
Gakuto NotsudaSanfrecce HiroshimaSanfrecce HiroshimaM31380100
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 0 | 4 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 3 | 8 | 28 | 5 | 0 |
| 2023 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 0 | 1 | 27 | 5 | 0 |
301
R. MatsudaCerezo OsakaCerezo OsakaD311140180
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Cerezo Osaka | 1 | 4 | 33 | 4 | 0 |
| 2020 | Cerezo Osaka | 1 | 1 | 31 | 3 | 0 |
| 2021 | Cerezo Osaka | 1 | 4 | 34 | 5 | 0 |
| 2022 | Cerezo Osaka | 0 | 1 | 33 | 5 | 0 |
| 2023 | Cerezo Osaka | 0 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 |
301
Y. YamamotoGamba OsakaGamba OsakaM3119750
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Gamba Osaka | 2 | 2 | 27 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Gamba Osaka | 0 | 4 | 28 | 2 | 0 |
| 2022 | Gamba Osaka | 1 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 0 |
| 2023 | Gamba Osaka | 0 | 4 | 26 | 2 | 0 |
301
K. HachisukaVegalta SendaiVegalta SendaiD3108420
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Vegalta Sendai | 0 | 3 | 32 | 1 | 0 |
| 2020 | Vegalta Sendai | 2 | 3 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Vegalta Sendai | 1 | 4 | 32 | 1 | 0 |
301
T. BunmathanYokohama F. MarinosYokohama F. MarinosD31078111
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Yokohama F. Marinos | 3 | 4 | 25 | 4 | 0 |
| 2020 | Yokohama F. Marinos | 0 | 4 | 26 | 4 | 0 |
| 2021 | Yokohama F. Marinos | 0 | 2 | 27 | 3 | 1 |
301K. NakamuraKashiwa ReysolKashiwa ReysolM393320
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 1 | 3 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Kashiwa Reysol | 0 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 0 |
| 2023 | Kashiwa Reysol | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
301
Koki AnzaiKashima AntlersKashima AntlersD399551
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Kashima Antlers | 3 | 3 | 15 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Kashima Antlers | 0 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Kashima Antlers | 0 | 1 | 33 | 1 | 0 |
| 2023 | Kashima Antlers | 0 | 4 | 31 | 2 | 1 |
301
Yojiro TakahagiFC TokyoFC TokyoM398190
301
Kohei TezukaSagan TosuSagan TosuM386990
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Yokohama FC | 0 | 5 | 28 | 5 | 0 |
| 2021 | Yokohama FC | 2 | 0 | 15 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Sagan Tosu | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 2023 | Sagan Tosu | 1 | 3 | 22 | 2 | 0 |
301
Hideki IshigeGamba OsakaGamba OsakaM375010
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Gamba Osaka | 0 | 3 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | Gamba Osaka | 3 | 3 | 22 | 1 | 0 |
301
T. OkuboUrawa Red DiamondsUrawa Red DiamondsM377140
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Urawa Red Diamonds | 1 | 0 | 18 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Urawa Red Diamonds | 1 | 5 | 23 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | Urawa Red Diamonds | 1 | 2 | 30 | 3 | 0 |
301
Yutaka YoshidaNagoya GrampusNagoya GrampusD3711352
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Nagoya Grampus | 0 | 4 | 30 | 2 | 1 |
| 2020 | Nagoya Grampus | 2 | 0 | 30 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Nagoya Grampus | 1 | 3 | 38 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Nagoya Grampus | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 | 1 |
301
Kuryu MatsukiFC TokyoFC TokyoM3653102
301
R. TakahashiShonan BellmareShonan BellmareM367520
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Matsumoto Yamaga | 1 | 3 | 32 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Shonan Bellmare | 2 | 2 | 30 | 2 | 0 |
| 2022 | Shonan Bellmare | 0 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
301Y. EndoKashima AntlersKashima AntlersM366220
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Kashima Antlers | 1 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 0 |
| 2020 | Kashima Antlers | 1 | 1 | 27 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Kashima Antlers | 1 | 4 | 23 | 0 | 0 |
301
Daiki HashiokaUrawa Red DiamondsUrawa Red DiamondsD354940
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Urawa Red Diamonds | 2 | 3 | 18 | 2 | 0 |
| 2020 | Urawa Red Diamonds | 1 | 2 | 31 | 2 | 0 |
301
DiegoKashiwa ReysolKashiwa ReysolD3579131
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Tokushima Vortis | 0 | 0 | 33 | 4 | 0 |
| 2022 | Sagan Tosu | 2 | 4 | 32 | 5 | 0 |
| 2023 | Kashiwa Reysol | 1 | 1 | 14 | 4 | 1 |
301
Kento MisaoKashima AntlersKashima AntlersD35127150
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Kashima Antlers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 2019 | Oita Trinita | 0 | 0 | 26 | 3 | 0 |
| 2020 | Kashima Antlers | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 2020 | Oita Trinita | 0 | 0 | 34 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Kashima Antlers | 0 | 2 | 34 | 5 | 0 |
| 2022 | Kashima Antlers | 2 | 0 | 33 | 4 | 0 |
301
Manabu SaitōNagoya GrampusNagoya GrampusM356800
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Kawasaki Frontale | 2 | 2 | 16 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Kawasaki Frontale | 1 | 2 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Nagoya Grampus | 0 | 1 | 24 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Nagoya Grampus | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
301
RhaynerSanfrecce HiroshimaSanfrecce HiroshimaM3568141
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 2 | 2 | 24 | 5 | 0 |
| 2020 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 0 | 3 | 18 | 3 | 0 |
| 2021 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 1 | 0 | 26 | 6 | 1 |
301
T. SuzukiCerezo OsakaCerezo OsakaM357650
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Tokushima Vortis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Tokushima Vortis | 0 | 2 | 32 | 3 | 0 |
| 2022 | Cerezo Osaka | 2 | 3 | 25 | 1 | 0 |
| 2023 | Cerezo Osaka | 0 | 0 | 19 | 1 | 0 |
301
Tsukasa ShiotaniSanfrecce HiroshimaSanfrecce HiroshimaD355841
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 0 | 4 | 26 | 3 | 1 |
| 2023 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 2 | 1 | 27 | 1 | 0 |
301Y. KoikeYokohama F. MarinosYokohama F. MarinosD353410
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Kashima Antlers | 2 | 3 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Cerezo Osaka | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Cerezo Osaka | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Yokohama F. Marinos | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | Yokohama F. Marinos | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
301
Hiroyuki MaeAvispa FukuokaAvispa FukuokaM3410680
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Avispa Fukuoka | 2 | 1 | 38 | 3 | 0 |
| 2022 | Avispa Fukuoka | 0 | 0 | 34 | 2 | 0 |
| 2023 | Avispa Fukuoka | 1 | 3 | 34 | 3 | 0 |
301
Kazunari ŌnoShonan BellmareShonan BellmareD34110110
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Shonan Bellmare | 1 | 0 | 23 | 5 | 0 |
| 2020 | Shonan Bellmare | 1 | 2 | 26 | 2 | 0 |
| 2021 | Shonan Bellmare | 0 | 0 | 21 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Shonan Bellmare | 0 | 1 | 19 | 2 | 0 |
| 2023 | Shonan Bellmare | 1 | 1 | 21 | 1 | 0 |
301
S. KawasakiKyoto SangaKyoto SangaM345660
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Kyoto Sanga | 1 | 3 | 28 | 2 | 0 |
| 2023 | Kyoto Sanga | 2 | 1 | 28 | 4 | 0 |
301T. FujiiKashima AntlersKashima AntlersM349360
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 1 | 2 | 29 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 1 | 1 | 27 | 3 | 0 |
| 2023 | Kashima Antlers | 1 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 0 |
301
Y. IwasakiSagan TosuSagan TosuM3410030
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo | 0 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Shonan Bellmare | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Sagan Tosu | 1 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Sagan Tosu | 2 | 1 | 32 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | Sagan Tosu | 0 | 2 | 31 | 3 | 0 |
301
Yusuke ChajimaSanfrecce HiroshimaSanfrecce HiroshimaM346410
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 0 | 3 | 29 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 0 | 1 | 21 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
301K. IshiiSagan TosuSagan TosuF332400
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Sagan Tosu | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Sagan Tosu | 3 | 3 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Sagan Tosu | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
301
K. KoizumiFC TokyoFC TokyoM33120210
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Kashima Antlers | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 |
| 2020 | Kashima Antlers | 1 | 1 | 22 | 3 | 0 |
| 2021 | Kashima Antlers | 0 | 0 | 17 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Sagan Tosu | 0 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 0 |
| 2022 | Sagan Tosu | 1 | 2 | 30 | 5 | 0 |
| 2023 | FC Tokyo | 1 | 0 | 33 | 7 | 0 |
301
K. SaitoYokohama FCYokohama FCF333200
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Yokohama FC | 3 | 3 | 32 | 0 | 0 |
301
S. InoueYokohama FCYokohama FCM336320
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Vissel Kobe | 0 | 2 | 22 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Vissel Kobe | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | Yokohama FC | 3 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 0 |
301Y. MinagawaVegalta SendaiVegalta SendaiF335000
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Yokohama FC | 3 | 2 | 29 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | Vegalta Sendai | 0 | 1 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
301
Yuichi MaruyamaNagoya GrampusNagoya GrampusD3312060
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Nagoya Grampus | 0 | 3 | 28 | 3 | 0 |
| 2020 | Nagoya Grampus | 1 | 0 | 34 | 2 | 0 |
| 2021 | Nagoya Grampus | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Nagoya Grampus | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | Nagoya Grampus | 1 | 0 | 16 | 1 | 0 |
301
Fūki YamadaKyoto SangaKyoto SangaM323110
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Kyoto Sanga | 2 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | Kyoto Sanga | 1 | 2 | 17 | 1 | 0 |
301
K. OmoriJúbilo IwataJúbilo IwataM325030
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | FC Tokyo | 1 | 1 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Júbilo Iwata | 2 | 1 | 25 | 3 | 0 |
301K. TsukagawaFC TokyoFC TokyoM325970
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Matsumoto Yamaga | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Kawasaki Frontale | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | FC Tokyo | 2 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Kawasaki Frontale | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 0 |
| 2023 | FC Tokyo | 1 | 1 | 21 | 4 | 0 |
301
M. IkedaShonan BellmareShonan BellmareM324730
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Shonan Bellmare | 0 | 1 | 18 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | Shonan Bellmare | 3 | 1 | 22 | 2 | 0 |
| 2023 | Shonan Bellmare | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
301
Marcelo RyanYokohama FCYokohama FCF322310
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Yokohama FC | 3 | 2 | 23 | 1 | 0 |
301
SouzaCerezo OsakaCerezo OsakaM321920
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Cerezo Osaka | 3 | 2 | 19 | 2 | 0 |
301
Takuya OgiwaraUrawa Red DiamondsUrawa Red DiamondsD325490
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Urawa Red Diamonds | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 2020 | Urawa Red Diamonds | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Kyoto Sanga | 2 | 1 | 21 | 4 | 0 |
| 2023 | Urawa Red Diamonds | 1 | 1 | 28 | 4 | 0 |
301Y. OtsuJúbilo IwataJúbilo IwataM326150
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Yokohama F. Marinos | 0 | 1 | 23 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Yokohama F. Marinos | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Júbilo Iwata | 3 | 1 | 26 | 5 | 0 |
301
Y. SuzukiShimizu S-PulseShimizu S-PulseD3212270
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Oita Trinita | 0 | 1 | 34 | 3 | 0 |
| 2020 | Oita Trinita | 0 | 0 | 33 | 3 | 0 |
| 2021 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 2 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 1 | 1 | 33 | 1 | 0 |
301Yuji SenumaYokohama FCYokohama FCF321910
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Yokohama FC | 3 | 2 | 19 | 1 | 0 |
301A. HasegawaNagoya GrampusNagoya GrampusM313020
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Nagoya Grampus | 3 | 1 | 30 | 2 | 0 |
301
B. KololliShimizu S-PulseShimizu S-PulseM312810
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 3 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 0 |
301
DanklerCerezo OsakaCerezo OsakaD3155101
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Vissel Kobe | 0 | 0 | 29 | 4 | 1 |
| 2020 | Vissel Kobe | 3 | 1 | 20 | 5 | 0 |
| 2021 | Cerezo Osaka | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 |
301
Henrique TrevisanFC TokyoFC TokyoD3156100
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Oita Trinita | 2 | 0 | 28 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | FC Tokyo | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 |
| 2023 | FC Tokyo | 1 | 1 | 22 | 8 | 0 |
301
Hiroshi IbusukiShimizu S-PulseShimizu S-PulseF314850
| Season | Club | Goals | Ast | Apps | YC | RC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Shonan Bellmare | 1 | 0 | 14 | 2 | 0 |
| 2020 | Shonan Bellmare | 2 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 0 | 0 | 14 | 2 | 0 |
Sources: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0), API-Football · Data sources